PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Tarantian						0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Ionian						0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene					Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene			Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene			Cenozoic 4				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene			Cenozoic 4				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene			Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene			Cenozoic 3				37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene			Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene			Cenozoic 2				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene			Cenozoic 1				56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian									Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian									Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian									Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Cretaceous 4				100.5
		Aptian									Cretaceous 3				113
		Barremian									Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian									Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian									Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian									Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian									Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian									Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian									Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian									Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian									Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian									Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian									Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian									Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian									Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian													259.51
		Wordian													264.28
		Roadian									Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian									Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7								Carboniferous 5
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Cambrian 5	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									489.5
				Aksaian							490.7 *
				Sakian							492.2 *
								Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian			St Davids		Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan					Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan			Caerfai			Early Cambrian			509
				Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
				Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian					Cambrian 2				514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian									521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †				Cambrian 1				529
															538.8