PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Tarantian						0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Ionian						0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene					Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene			Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene			Cenozoic 4				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene			Cenozoic 4				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene			Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene			Cenozoic 3				37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene			Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene			Cenozoic 2				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene			Cenozoic 1				56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4				100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3				113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian						Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian						Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian						Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian						Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian						Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian						Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian						Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7					Carboniferous 5
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Siegen	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Cambrian 5	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids		Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai		Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1				529
												538.8