PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126006 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene			Sheridanian							0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian	Late Pliocene									Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian	Late Pliocene										3.1 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene										3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian	Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian											7.246
			Vallesian											8.7
			Vallesian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Astaracian	Middle Miocene			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian	Early Miocene										15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
			Agenian											20
		Aquitanian	Agenian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene										23.03
								Monroecreekian						23.1 *
								Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene				Geringian						27.82
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene										37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene										37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene					To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene					To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Induan			251.2
		Induan			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	Longtanian †				254.14
					Kalabagh					255 *
					Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
					Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb					266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †			445.2
		Katian	Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
				Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
		Stage 10							Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian							Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai									509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8