PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of France	Cambrian of Britain	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene				0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian				Late Pliocene			Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian				Late Pliocene				3.1 *
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian				Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian								7.246
			Vallesian								8.7
			Vallesian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Astaracian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene				11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian				Early Miocene				15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
			Agenian								20
		Aquitanian	Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene				23.03
					Monroecreekian						23.1 *
					Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian		Early Oligocene				27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene				33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene				37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene				47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene				56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8