International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126325 collections
International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe | North American Land Mammal Ages | Obsolete Names for ICS Units | Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | |||||
Santarosean | 0.0004 | ||||||||
Northgrippian | 0.0042 | ||||||||
Greenlandian | 0.0082 | ||||||||
Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Tarantian | 0.0117 | ||||||
Rancholabrean | 0.014 | ||||||||
Chibanian | Ionian | 0.129 | |||||||
Irvingtonian | 0.21 | ||||||||
Calabrian | 0.774 | ||||||||
Blancan | 1.4 | ||||||||
Gelasian | 1.8 | ||||||||
Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Tertiary † | 2.58 | |||||
Zanclean | 3.6 | ||||||||
Hemphillian | 4.7 | ||||||||
Miocene | Messinian | 5.333 | |||||||
Tortonian | 7.246 | ||||||||
Clarendonian | 9.4 | ||||||||
Serravallian | 11.63 | ||||||||
Barstovian | 12.5 | ||||||||
Langhian | 13.82 | ||||||||
Burdigalian | 15.98 | ||||||||
Hemingfordian | 16.3 | ||||||||
Arikareean | 18.5 | ||||||||
Aquitanian | 20.44 | ||||||||
Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | 23.03 | ||||||
Rupelian | 27.82 | ||||||||
Whitneyan | 29.5 | ||||||||
Orellan | 31.8 | ||||||||
Eocene | Priabonian | Chadronian | 33.9 | ||||||
Duchesnean | 37 | ||||||||
Bartonian | 37.71 | ||||||||
Uintan | 39.7 | ||||||||
Lutetian | 41.2 | ||||||||
Bridgerian | 46.2 | ||||||||
Ypresian | 47.8 | ||||||||
Wasatchian | 50.5 | ||||||||
Clarkforkian | 54.9 | ||||||||
Paleocene | Thanetian | 56 | |||||||
Tiffanian | 56.2 | ||||||||
Selandian | 59.2 | ||||||||
Torrejonian | 60.9 | ||||||||
Danian | 61.6 | ||||||||
Puercan | 63.8 | ||||||||
Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | Lancian/Edmontonian | 66 | |||||
Campanian | Judithian/Aquilan | 72.1 | |||||||
Santonian | 83.6 | ||||||||
Coniacian | 86.3 | ||||||||
Turonian | 89.8 | ||||||||
Cenomanian | 93.9 | ||||||||
Early Cretaceous | Albian | 100.5 | |||||||
Aptian | 113 | ||||||||
Barremian | 121.4 | ||||||||
Hauterivian | 125.77 | ||||||||
Valanginian | 132.6 | ||||||||
Berriasian | 139.8 | ||||||||
Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | 145 | ||||||
Kimmeridgian | 149.2 | ||||||||
Oxfordian | 154.8 | ||||||||
Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | |||||||
Bathonian | 165.3 | ||||||||
Bajocian | 168.2 | ||||||||
Aalenian | 170.9 | ||||||||
Early Jurassic | Toarcian | 174.7 | |||||||
Pliensbachian | 184.2 | ||||||||
Sinemurian | 192.9 | ||||||||
Hettangian | 199.5 | ||||||||
Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | 201.4 | ||||||
Norian | 208.5 | ||||||||
Carnian | 227 | ||||||||
Middle Triassic | Ladinian | 237 | |||||||
Anisian | 242 | ||||||||
Early Triassic | Olenekian | 247.2 | |||||||
Induan | 251.2 | ||||||||
Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | 251.902 | ||||||
Wuchiapingian | Longtanian † | 254.14 | |||||||
Guadalupian | Capitanian | 259.51 | |||||||
Wordian | 264.28 | ||||||||
Roadian | 266.9 | ||||||||
Cisuralian | Kungurian | 273.01 | |||||||
Artinskian | 283.5 | ||||||||
Sakmarian | 290.1 | ||||||||
Asselian | 293.52 | ||||||||
Carboniferous | Pennsylvanian | Gzhelian | 298.9 | ||||||
Kasimovian | 303.7 | ||||||||
Moscovian | 307 | ||||||||
Bashkirian | 315.2 | ||||||||
Mississippian | Serpukhovian | 323.2 | |||||||
Visean | 330.9 | ||||||||
Tournaisian | 346.7 | ||||||||
Devonian | Late Devonian | Famennian | 358.9 | ||||||
Frasnian | 372.2 | ||||||||
Middle Devonian | Givetian | 382.7 | |||||||
Eifelian | 387.7 | ||||||||
Early Devonian | Emsian | 393.3 | |||||||
Pragian | 407.6 | ||||||||
Lochkovian | 410.8 | ||||||||
Silurian | Pridoli | 419.2 | |||||||
Ludlow | Ludfordian | 423 | |||||||
Gorstian | 425.6 | ||||||||
Wenlock | Homerian | 427.4 | |||||||
Sheinwoodian | 430.5 | ||||||||
Llandovery | Telychian | 433.4 | |||||||
Aeronian | 438.5 | ||||||||
Rhuddanian | 440.8 | ||||||||
Ordovician | Late Ordovician | Hirnantian | 443.8 | ||||||
Katian | 445.2 | ||||||||
Sandbian | 453 | ||||||||
Middle Ordovician | Darriwilian | 458.4 | |||||||
Dapingian | 467.3 | ||||||||
Early Ordovician | Floian | 470 | |||||||
Tremadocian | 477.7 | ||||||||
Cambrian | Furongian | Stage 10 | 485.4 | ||||||
Jiangshanian | 489.5 | ||||||||
Paibian | 494 | ||||||||
Miaolingian | Guzhangian | Series 3 † | 497 | ||||||
Drumian | 500.5 | ||||||||
Wuliuan | Stage 5 † | 504.5 | |||||||
509 |