PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean														0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean														0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean														0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean														0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan							Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
			Hemingfordian							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
			Arikareean							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
											Monroecreekian						23.1 *
											Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian									Geringian						27.82
			Whitneyan														29.5
			Orellan														31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean														37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean														37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							47.8
			Wasatchian							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
			Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian	Puercan									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
		Induan		251.2
		Induan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	251.902
					252.4 *
				Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
				Kalabagh		255 *
				Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
				Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb		266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian			Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Richmondian	Kralodvorian		446 *
						Richmondian	Berounian		449.7 *
						Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian				450.4 *
			Mohawkian			Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian				453
						Turinian				453.7 *
						Turinian				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
			Whiterockian						Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
								Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
							Dobrotivian						458.5 *
							Oretanian						459.7 *
								Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †					467.3
							Arenigian						468
						Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean	Tremadocian							477.7
						Stairsian								480.3 *
						Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian								485.4
		Stage 10												487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †										504.5
																	509