PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of West Avalonia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian					Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian					Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan					Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
			Hemingfordian					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
			Arikareean					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
									Monroecreekian					23.1 *
									Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan				Geringian					27.82
			Whitneyan											29.5
			Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan					Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan					Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian			Bumbanian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
			Wasatchian					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
			Clarkforkian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Gashatan					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian		Gashatan					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian	Puercan							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
		Induan		251.2
		Induan		Kathwai			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai			251.902
							252.4 *
				Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru			Longtanian †				254.14
				Kalabagh							255 *
				Wargal							256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
											265.3 *
				Amb							266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb							266.9
		Roadian									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian		443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
					Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian		Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian							485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian							489.5
			Aksaian							490.7 *
			Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							Series 3 †	497
			Ayusokkanian								Arcadian	498.4
												499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian									500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian									503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian				Stage 5 †					504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian					509
			Toyonian									510 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian									514
			Atdabanian									515.6 *
			Atdabanian				Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
														538.8