PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126175 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of North America			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian									Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene				0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian													1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene			Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Early Pliocene				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Middle Miocene				11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene				15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene				23.03
				Monroecreekian												23.1 *
				Geringian												24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian								Early Oligocene				27.82
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Late Eocene				33.9
		Priabonian										Late Eocene				37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Early Eocene				47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean													50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Late Paleocene				56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian										100.5
						Middle Albian										106.2 *
						Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian										113
		Aptian				Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian										139.8
						Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
						Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras	168.2
						Late Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
						Early Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
								Planulata	179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
								Kanense		181.3 *
								Carlottense		182.3 *
						Early Toarcian		Carlottense		182.9 *
						Early Toarcian		Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
								Freboldi		185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian				Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C					300.3 *
						Stephanian B					300.9 *
						Stephanian A					301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A					303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian					305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian					307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D					307.4 *
						Westphalian C					309.8
						Westphalian B					314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B					315.2
						Westphalian A					317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian					318.8 *
						Marsdenian					320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian					321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec				Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian					393.3
		Pragian					Pragian					407.6
		Pragian					Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan						419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran						422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian	489.5										Festiniogian
		Jiangshanian	Maentwrogian										493.1 *
		Paibian	Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids							Series 3 †			497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai											509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8