PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of France	Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene					0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene				Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene					15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene					23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene					27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene					29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene					33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene					37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene					37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene					47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene					56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene					56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene					60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids			Series 3 †		497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai					509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8