PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian Subages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of Western Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic				South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian											Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian														0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan														0.21
														Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian														1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Vorohuean		Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian												Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean												Chapadmalalan			3.6
														Montehermosan			3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian											Montehermosan			4.7
														Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
														Chasicoan			7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											Chasicoan			9.4
														Mayoan			9.9 *
														Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian															11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian														12.5
														Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian												Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian												Friasian			15.98
														Santacrucian			16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											Santacrucian			16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian													18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
				Monroecreekian													23.1 *
				Geringian													24.7 *
		Rupelian															27.82
														Tinguirirican			28.9 *
																	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian														33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian											Divisaderan			35.9 *
																	37
		Bartonian															37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan														39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
														Mustersan			41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian														46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
														Casamayoran			47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean														50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									Riochican			56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									Riochican			56.2
														Itaboraian			56.9 *
														Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1												60.9
		Danian															61.6
														Tiupampan			62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1									Tiupampan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				100.5
		Aptian				113
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan	150
							Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902				Kathwai
								252.4 *
				Chhidru				252.9 *
							Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
							Puruhauan			254.2
				Kalabagh						255 *
				Wargal						256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian	Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
							Barettian			266
			Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			Autunian	283.5
				Telfordian				285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian								Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
									Latorp †			470.1 *
										Hunneberg		473.7 *
		Tremadocian								Hunneberg		477.7
										Varangu		481.3 *
										Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4	Pakerort
										486.3 *
										486.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †				504.5
																	509