PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126668 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian										0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian										0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan										0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan										0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean									Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan										3.6
			Montehermosan										3.7 *
			Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
			Chasicoan										7.9 *
			Mayoan										9.9 *
			Laventan										10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan										11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran										13.82
		Langhian	Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian										15.98
			Santacrucian										16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian										20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican										28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican										33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan										35.9 *
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan										41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan										47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran										47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican										56
			Itaboraian										56.9 *
			Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan										62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian								100.5
					Middle Albian								106.2 *
					Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian								113
		Aptian			Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian								139.8
					Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
					Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian	Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
						Dobrotivian	458.5 *
						Oretanian	459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †						504.5
													509