PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of Britain		Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of North America					Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian															0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian															0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan															0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan															0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †														1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean														Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan															2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan															3.6
			Montehermosan															3.7 *
			Huayquerian															4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
			Chasicoan															7.9 *
			Mayoan															9.9 *
			Laventan															10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan															11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran															13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran															13.82
		Langhian	Friasian															15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian															15.98
			Santacrucian															16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian															17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian															20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan															20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican															28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican															33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan															35.9 *
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan															41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan															47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran															47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican															56
			Itaboraian															56.9 *
			Peligran															58.9 *
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan															62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein	251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	Ohre/Aller	Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian			Leine	Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Autunian		Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian						Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
			Mohawkian						Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian						Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Late Cambrian	485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				487.5
											Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Festiniogian				489.5
		Jiangshanian									Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								St Davids				Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai		Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																		538.8