PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
					Hemingfordian						16.3
					Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
					Whitneyan						29.5
					Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2		Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian						47.8
					Wasatchian						50.5
					Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian			Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Senonian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Gallic					100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10				Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian				Iverian		489.5
		Paibian				Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Mindyallan		Series 3 †	497
						Mindyallan			Arcadian	498.4
						Boomerangian				499
		Drumian				Undillan				500.5
		Drumian				Floran				503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Templetonian		Stage 5 †				504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian		Stage 5 †				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian		Branchian				509
		Stage 4								510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
		Stage 3				Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
											538.8