PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Devonian of Eastern North America		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian							0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean					Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean					Yushean							3.6
		Zanclean					Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian					7.246
		Tortonian					Tunggurian		Pannonian					11.1
		Serravallian							Sarmatian					11.63
		Serravallian							Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian					Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian					Shanwangian							15.98
		Burdigalian					Xiejiaan							16.9
		Aquitanian					Xiejiaan							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites											168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum										168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense										174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons											180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum											182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni											184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi											192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Roadian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian				Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	504.5
														509