PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America		Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian				0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian			Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian				3
		Zanclean										Waipipian				3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian										Tongaporutuan				7.246
		Tortonian									Southland	Waiauan				11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan				11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian				13.82
												Clifdenian				15.1
											Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian				15.98
		Burdigalian										Otaian				18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian				20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian				23.03
												Duntroonian				25.2
												Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
											Arnold	Runangan				34.6
												Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan				37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian				41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
												Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan				47.8
												Mangaorapan				48.9
												Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian				56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
												Mangaotanean				90.5
												Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									Arowhanan				93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
												Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									Motuan				100.5
			Late Albian									Urutawan				103.3
			Middle Albian									Urutawan				106.2 *
			Middle Albian								Taitai	Korangan				108.4
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian													113
			Late Aptian													117.5
			Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill				Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian		468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian		470
				Whitlandian		471.1 *
				Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Datsonian			485.4
								Payntonian			486.8 *
								Payntonian			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Iverian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Iverian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Idamean			Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian		Albertian †			Mindyallan	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian		499
		Drumian									Undillan		500.5
		Drumian									Floran		503
		Wuliuan				Topazan					Templetonian		Stage 5 †	504.5
						Delamaran					Templetonian			506.5
											Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †			Ordian			509
														510.8 *
						Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran								514
						Montezuman								514.8 *
						Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8