PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian									100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian									113
		Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites							168.2
					Late Bajocian			Humphresianum						168.4
					Early Bajocian			Humphresianum						168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense						174.7
					Late Toarcian									180.1
					Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							182
					Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni							184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi							192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian			Sevatian									208.5
					Alaunian									213.2 *
					Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian									227
		Carnian			Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian									237
		Ladinian			Fassanian									239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian									242
					Pelsonian									243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein	251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †				254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian	Ohre/Aller						259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian	Leine						264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian						266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian						273.01
					Filipovian						276.5 *
					Saraninian						280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian						283.5
					Irginian						285.9 *
					Burtsevian						287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian						290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian						291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian						293.52
					Uskalykian						294.8
					Surenian						297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian									Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										Late Famennian	358.9
												Middle Famennian	365.3 *
												Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian										Late Frasnian	372.2
												Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
												Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										Late Givetian	382.7
												Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian						385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian						387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian						390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian						393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian						398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian						410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian				498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian							509
		Stage 3	Branchian							514
		Stage 3	Placentian							517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
														538.8