PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian			Tarantian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	Tarantian			0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean	Ionian			0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian	Ionian			0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean					Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
						Hemphillian				4.7
				Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian		7.246
						Clarendonian				9.4
				Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian						Sarmatian		11.63
						Barstovian		Sarmatian		12.5
								Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian		Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
						Hemingfordian				16.3
				Xiejiaan		Hemingfordian				16.9
						Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
						Whitneyan				29.5
						Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian				47.8
						Wasatchian				50.5
						Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian				Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian		489.5
		Paibian		Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan		Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian			499
		Drumian		Undillan			500.5
		Drumian		Floran			503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian	Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian	Stage 5 †		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian			509
										510.8 *