PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of Britain				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
									Monroecreekian					23.1 *
									Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian												37
		Bartonian												37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian	358.9
					Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			470
							Whitlandian			471.1 *
							Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian			Ungurian	477.7
						Tremadoc	Cressagian				480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5							Batyrbaian
			Aksaian							490.7 *
			Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							Series 3 †	497
			Ayusokkanian								Arcadian	498.4
												499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian									500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian									503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian	Stage 5 †								504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †								505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian								509
			Toyonian									510 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian									514
			Atdabanian									515.6 *
			Atdabanian	Placentian								517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
														538.8