PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous of North America	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian						0.0042
				Greenlandian						0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	Tarantian			0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean	Ionian			0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian	Ionian			0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean						3.6
				Zanclean		Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian						5.333
				Tortonian				Pannonian		7.246
				Tortonian		Clarendonian		Pannonian		9.4
				Serravallian		Clarendonian		Sarmatian		11.63
						Barstovian		Sarmatian		12.5
								Badenian		12.8 *
				Langhian						13.82
				Burdigalian						15.98
						Hemingfordian				16.3
						Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
				Rupelian						27.82
						Whitneyan				29.5
						Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian				33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean				37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean				37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian				47.8
						Wasatchian				50.5
						Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian				56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian				56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian		Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
				Campanian						72.1
				Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
				Aptian						113
				Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian						139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
				Kimmeridgian						149.2
				Oxfordian						154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
				Bathonian						165.3
				Bajocian						168.2
				Aalenian						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
Pliensbachian				184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian		298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian		Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian		323.2
			Visean		Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan	Stage 5 †			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				509
		Series 2	Stage 3				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						538.8
		Cryogenian						635
		Tonian						720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						1000
		Ectasian						1200
		Calymmian						1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian						1600
		Orosirian						1800
		Rhyacian						2050
		Siderian						2300
Archean	Neoarchean							2500
	Mesoarchean							2800
	Paleoarchean							3200
	Eoarchean							3600
Hadean								4000
										4600