PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of the Pamirs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian								0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean						Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan								3.6
					Montehermosan								3.7 *
					Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
					Chasicoan								7.9 *
					Mayoan								9.9 *
					Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian			Laventan								11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian			Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian								15.98
					Santacrucian								16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan					27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican			Kekeamuan					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					35.9 *
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan				Bumbanian				47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran				Bumbanian				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican			Gashatan					56
					Itaboraian								56.9 *
					Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			259.51
		Wordian	Midian			264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4	Buildwas
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †					504.5
													509