PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Silurian of the Baltic	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian										Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian										Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian										Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian										Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean			Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian										Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean										Chapadmalalan				3.6
												Montehermosan				3.7 *
												Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
												Chasicoan				7.9 *
												Mayoan				9.9 *
												Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian										Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian										Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian										Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian										Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian										Friasian				15.98
												Santacrucian				16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian										Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian										Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian										Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian										Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian										Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian										Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian										Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Riochican				56
												Itaboraian				56.9 *
												Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian										Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Vormsi	Kralodvorian		449.6 *
								Vormsi	Berounian		449.7 *
								Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
								Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian						Keila			Idavere †	453
								Haljala				453.9
								Haljala				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Kukruse						456.4 *
								Uhaku			Aluoja †			457.5 *
										Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
									Dobrotivian					458.5 *
								Lasnamagi	Dobrotivian					458.9 *
								Lasnamagi	Oretanian					459.7 *
								Aseri						460.4 *
								Aseri		Sarka †				461.7 *
							Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
						Valaste †/Hunderum		Kunda			464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka			467.1 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †				467.3
									Arenigian					468
			Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
						Latorp †					470.1 *
			Hunneberg								473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Hunneberg						Tremadocian		477.7
			Varangu								481.3 *
			Pakerort								482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort								485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian						498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian										509
		Stage 3		Branchian										514
		Stage 3		Placentian										517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8