PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian												Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian												Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian	Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian												Waipipian		3
		Zanclean												Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean												Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian												Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian											Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian												Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian												Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian												Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian												Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian		23.03
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
														Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian												Bortonian		41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian												Heretaungan		47.8
														Mangaorapan		48.9
														Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
														Mangaotanean		90.5
														Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					Arowhanan		93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
														Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian					Motuan		100.5
									Late Albian					Urutawan		103.3
									Middle Albian					Urutawan		106.2 *
									Middle Albian				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
									Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian							113
									Late Aptian							117.5
									Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Late Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Late Toarcian					180.1
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Early Toarcian			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
		Asselian							Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian								Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian					324 *
					Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
						Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian			449.8 *
						Edenian				450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian				453
						Turinian				453.7 *
					Whiterockian		Canadian †			Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian	477.7			Tulean
			Stairsian			480.3 *
			Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Datsonian	485.4
										Payntonian	486.8 *
										Payntonian	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Iverian	489.5
		Paibian								Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Mindyallan	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian		499
		Drumian								Undillan		500.5
		Drumian								Floran		503
		Wuliuan								Templetonian		Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan								Ordian		Stage 5 †	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4								Ordian			509
																510.8 *