PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian of North America			Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian												0.0117
		Chibanian							Lujanian												0.129
		Chibanian							Ensenadan												0.3 *
		Calabrian							Ensenadan												0.774
		Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean											Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan												2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan												3.6
									Montehermosan												3.7 *
									Huayquerian												4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
									Chasicoan												7.9 *
									Mayoan												9.9 *
									Laventan												10.9 *
		Serravallian							Laventan												11.63
		Serravallian							Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran												13.82
		Langhian							Friasian												15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian												15.98
									Santacrucian												16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
		Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian												20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan												20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
		Rupelian																			27.82
		Rupelian							Tinguirirican												28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian							Tinguirirican												33.9
		Priabonian							Divisaderan												35.9 *
		Bartonian																			37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Lutetian							Mustersan												41.9 *
		Ypresian							Mustersan												47.8
		Ypresian							Casamayoran												47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican												56
									Itaboraian												56.9 *
									Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
		Danian							Tiupampan												62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Pliensbachian																			184.2
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian	358.9
					Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian			Gamachian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian				Rawtheyan	445.2
								Richmondian				Rawtheyan	446 *
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian							450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian							451.1 *
												Cheneyan			451.5 *
												Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian													453
													Actonian †		453.2 *
								Turinian					Actonian †		453.7 *
													Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †			455.2 *
												Aurelucian				456.8 *
					Whiterockian									Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									461.3 *
		Dapingian	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									467.3
			Arenig								Fennian	468.4 *
								Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian			Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	470
								Blackhillsian			Whitlandian						471.1 *
								Tulean			Whitlandian						473.9 *
											Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc								Migneintian						477.7
				Stairsian				480.3 *			Migneintian
				Stairsian				Cressagian			480.8 *
				Skullrockian				Cressagian			Demingian †					482 *
											Demingian †					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian														Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian															Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian																500.5
		Wuliuan																Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Branchian			509
		Stage 3														Branchian			514
		Stage 3														Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																	529
																					538.8