PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of China	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
					Hemingfordian							16.3
					Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan				27.82
					Whitneyan							29.5
					Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian				Bumbanian			47.8
					Wasatchian							50.5
					Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian			Gashatan				56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian			Gashatan				56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian			Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	Melekhovian		251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian			Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian				264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian			264.9 *
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian				273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian					283.5
			Longlinian				285.4 *
				Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian				Mapingian †				298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian							303.7
				Khamovnikian							304.8
				Krevyakinian							305.8 *
				Krevyakinian							305.9
		Moscovian		Myachkovian							307
				Podolskian							308.9 *
				Kashirian							311.4 *
				Vereian							313.8
				Melekessian							314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian							315.2
				Cheremshanian							316.9 *
				Prikamian					318.6 *
				Severokeltmian					319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
				Voznesenian				321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian				323.2
				Protvian				324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
		Visean		Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian				Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian				509
		Stage 3			Branchian				514
		Stage 3	Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
												538.8