PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian								0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian								0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan					56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian	Meishanian						251.902
		Changhsingian			Dorashamian	Baoqingian						253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	Laoshanian					Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	Laibinian					Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian	Lengwuan						259.51
		Wordian			Midian	Kuhfengian						264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian							266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	Luodianian						273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian							279.8
		Artinskian										283.5
						Longlinian						285.4 *
					Yakhtashian							286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Branchian			509
		Stage 3				Branchian			514
		Stage 3				Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
												538.8