PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America		Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian		Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian			3
		Zanclean											Waipipian			3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian											Tongaporutuan			7.246
		Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian			13.82
													Clifdenian			15.1
												Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian			15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian			23.03
													Duntroonian			25.2
													Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
												Arnold	Runangan			34.6
													Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian			41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
													Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan			47.8
													Mangaorapan			48.9
													Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian			56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
													Mangaotanean			90.5
													Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									Arowhanan			93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
													Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic	Late Albian									Motuan			100.5
				Late Albian									Urutawan			103.3
				Middle Albian									Urutawan			106.2 *
				Middle Albian								Taitai	Korangan			108.4
				Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian												113
				Late Aptian												117.5
				Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian			227
		Carnian		Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean						Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian			Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill			Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian		468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian		470
					Whitlandian		471.1 *
					Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
							485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Datsonian			485.4
								Payntonian			486.8 *
								Payntonian			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Iverian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Iverian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Idamean			Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †			Mindyallan	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian		499
		Drumian									Undillan		500.5
		Drumian									Floran		503
		Wuliuan					Topazan				Templetonian		Stage 5 †	504.5
							Delamaran				Templetonian			506.5
											Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †			Ordian			509
														510.8 *
							Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran							514
							Montezuman							514.8 *
							Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8