PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian											11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian									100.5
				Middle Albian									106.2 *
				Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian									113
		Aptian		Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian									139.8
				Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
				Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites							168.2
				Late Bajocian			Humphresianum						168.4
				Early Bajocian			Humphresianum						168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense						174.7
				Late Toarcian									180.1
				Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
				Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							182
				Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni							184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi							192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian		Sevatian									208.5
				Alaunian									213.2 *
				Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian									227
		Carnian		Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian									237
		Ladinian		Fassanian									239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian									242
				Pelsonian									243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller					259.51
		Wordian		Leine					264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian								Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Late Famennian	358.9
											Middle Famennian	365.3 *
											Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian									Late Frasnian	372.2
											Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
											Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									Late Givetian	382.7
											Middle Givetian	383.7 *
											Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian									Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian									Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian									Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian									Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian									Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian									Late Lochkovian	410.8
											Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
											Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian				498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Branchian					509
		Stage 3				Branchian					514
		Stage 3				Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8