PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Senonian					66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian				Gallic					100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian									113
		Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian									150
				Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
				Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian									154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian									174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian									176
					Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
					Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian		Warepan	Sevatian									208.5
					Alaunian									213.2 *
					Lacian									216.7 *
				Otamitan										217
				Oretian										221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian									227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian									227.5
					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
				Etalian	Longobardian		238
					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
					Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian		249
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
					Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian		Flettian				264.28
		Wordian		Barettian				266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian				276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian				283.5
				Telfordian				285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel		Mapingian †	298.9
								Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A		303.7
									Cantabrian		305 *
											305.9
		Moscovian									307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
									Westphalian C		309.8
									Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian				315.2			Westphalian B
						Westphalian A			317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian		358.9
									Middle Famennian		365.3 *
									Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian							Late Frasnian		372.2
									Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
									Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Late Givetian		382.7
									Middle Givetian		383.7 *
									Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian							Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian							Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian		410.8
									Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian				509
		Stage 3	Branchian				514
		Stage 3	Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
														538.8