PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean						Late Pleistocene		0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean						Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian						Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian						Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian						Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian						Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene		15.98
						Hemingfordian								16.3
						Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				Kekeamuan					Early Oligocene		27.82
						Whitneyan								29.5
						Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Duchesnean	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian	MP 16			Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian	MP 16			Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			Bridgerian		Bumbanian				Early Eocene		47.8
						Wasatchian								50.5
						Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Clarkforkian	Gashatan					Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian	MP 6			Tiffanian	Gashatan					Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian						Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian						Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian						Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian				Puercan						Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian								Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean								Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian								Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
		Stage 10		Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian		Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian		Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
														538.8