PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian			Tarantian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	Tarantian			0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean	Ionian			0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian	Ionian			0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean					Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean							3.6
					Hemphillian				4.7
			Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian		7.246
					Clarendonian				9.4
			Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian					Sarmatian		11.63
					Barstovian		Sarmatian		12.5
							Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian	Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian							15.98
					Hemingfordian				16.3
			Xiejiaan		Hemingfordian				16.9
					Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
					Whitneyan				29.5
					Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian				47.8
					Wasatchian				50.5
					Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian			Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian		489.5
		Paibian	Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan		Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian			499
		Drumian	Undillan			500.5
		Drumian	Floran			503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian	Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian	Stage 5 †		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian			509
									510.8 *