PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean									0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian									0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian									0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan									1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian									4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian		Pannonian								7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian	Pannonian								9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian	Sarmatian								11.63
					Barstovian	Sarmatian								12.5
						Badenian								12.8 *
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
					Hemingfordian									16.3
					Arikareean									18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean									37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean									37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian									47.8
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian									56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian									56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian									59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian									60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian									61.6
				Danian	Puercan									63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian			66
				Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
Pliensbachian				184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Wordian	Noginskian				264.9 *
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
			Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian				283.5
			Artinskian	Rusavkinian				287.6 *
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian		Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
				Khamovnikian					304.8
				Krevyakinian					305.8 *
				Krevyakinian					305.9
			Moscovian	Myachkovian		Middle Pennsylvanian			307
				Podolskian					308.9 *
				Kashirian					311.4 *
				Vereian					313.8
				Melekessian					314.8
			Bashkirian	Melekessian		Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
				Cheremshanian					316.9 *
				Prikamian					318.6 *
				Severokeltmian					319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
				Voznesenian					321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		Late Mississippian			323.2
				Protvian					324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Tarusian					329 *
			Visean	Venevian		Middle Mississippian			330.9
				Mikhailovian					331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian	Early Mississippian	346.7
				Kizelian		350.7 *
				Cherepetian		351.9 *
				Karakubian		354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
Dapingian		Middle Ordovician	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †			497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
														635