PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian									0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian									0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan									0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian								27.82
		Rupelian										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian										37
		Bartonian										37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1							60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1							61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Senonian			66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian			Gallic			100.5
						Middle Albian						106.2 *
						Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian						113
		Aptian				Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian						139.8
						Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
						Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian		Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian		Longtanian †		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian			273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian			Mapingian †				298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian				358.9
						Middle Famennian				365.3 *
						Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian				372.2
						Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
						Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian				382.7
						Middle Givetian				383.7 *
						Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian			410.8
						Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †		497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian			509
		Stage 3					Branchian			514
		Stage 3					Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
												538.8