International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
  • J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
  • Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
  • M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125929 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleSouth American Land Mammal AgesNeogene Mammal Ages of ChinaMammal Paleogene ZonesCenozoic SubepochsObsolete Names for ICS Units
QuaternaryPleistoceneLate PleistoceneLujanianNihewanianLate Pleistocene0.0117
ChibanianMiddle Pleistocene0.129
Ensenadan0.3 *
CalabrianEarly Pleistocene0.774
SanandresianUquian †1.7 *
Gelasian1.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianVorohueanYusheanLate PlioceneTertiary †2.58
Chapadmalalan2.9 *
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
Montehermosan3.7 *
HuayquerianBaodean4.9 *
MioceneMessinianLate Miocene5.333
Tortonian7.246
Chasicoan7.9 *
Mayoan9.9 *
Laventan10.9 *
Tunggurian11.1
SerravallianMiddle Miocene11.63
Colloncuran13.7 *
LanghianShanwangian13.82
Friasian15.4 *
BurdigalianEarly Miocene15.98
Santacrucian16.2 *
Xiejiaan16.9
Colhuehuapian17.4 *
Aquitanian20.44
Deseadan20.9 *
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianMP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26MP 25Late Oligocene23.03
RupelianMP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21Early Oligocene27.82
Tinguirirican28.9 *
EocenePriabonianMP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17ALate Eocene33.9
Divisaderan35.9 *
BartonianMP 16Middle Eocene37.71
LutetianMP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 1141.2
Mustersan41.9 *
YpresianMP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7Early Eocene47.8
Casamayoran47.9 *
PaleoceneThanetianRiochicanMP 6MP 1 - 5Late Paleocene56
Itaboraian56.9 *
Peligran58.9 *
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Tiupampan62.4 *
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtian66
Campanian72.1
Santonian83.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Cenomanian93.9
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Aptian113
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonian145
Kimmeridgian149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
Pliensbachian184.2
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetian201.4
Norian208.5
Carnian227
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Induan251.2
PermianLopingianChanghsingian251.902
WuchiapingianLongtanian †254.14
GuadalupianCapitanian259.51
Wordian264.28
Roadian266.9
CisuralianKungurian273.01
Artinskian283.5
Sakmarian290.1
Asselian293.52
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelian298.9
Kasimovian303.7
Moscovian307
Bashkirian315.2
MississippianSerpukhovian323.2
Visean330.9
Tournaisian346.7
DevonianLate DevonianFamennian358.9
Frasnian372.2
Middle DevonianGivetian382.7
Eifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsian393.3
Pragian407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoli419.2
LudlowLudfordian423
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerian427.4
Sheinwoodian430.5
LlandoveryTelychian433.4
Aeronian438.5
Rhuddanian440.8
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantian443.8
Katian445.2
Sandbian453
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilian458.4
Dapingian467.3
Early OrdovicianFloian470
Tremadocian477.7
CambrianFurongianStage 10485.4
Jiangshanian489.5
Paibian494
MiaolingianGuzhangianSeries 3 †497
Drumian500.5
WuliuanStage 5 †504.5
509