PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Vokhmian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							Vokhmian					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian	Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian	Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian										273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian										281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian										283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian										286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian										290.1
		Asselian		Nealian						Bursumian †				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †					Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †					Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian								Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian								Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian								Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian								Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian				Cazenovian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian			393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Lochkovian											410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †			497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †	504.5
														509