PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Permian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
				Hemingfordian									16.3
				Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
				Whitneyan									29.5
				Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian									47.8
				Wasatchian									50.5
				Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian		Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †	Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †			Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †				Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian							Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	Chesterian			323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	Chesterian			330.9
									Meramecian			335.8 *
									Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
													509