PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Permian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian											11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian			273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian			283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian			290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †		Nealian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian			Virgilian					298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian					303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			Desmoinesian					307
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			Atokan					312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian			Atokan					315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *	Early Pennsylvanian
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			Paibian			494
		Paibian			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		Series 3 †			497
		Drumian			Drumian	Wangcunian †					500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian							530.7
													538.8