PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian											0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Sheridanian											0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
									Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene													0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
									Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						Mangapanian					Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						Waipipian							3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						Waipipian							3.6
									Opoitian							3.7
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Opoitian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene					Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
								Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene													11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
									Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian							13.82
									Clifdenian							15.1
								Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
									Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene													23.03
						Monroecreekian										23.1 *
						Geringian										24.7 *
									Duntroonian							25.2
									Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene													27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian											33.9
								Arnold	Runangan							34.6
									Kaiatan							36.7
																37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene													37.71
									Bortonian							39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
									Heretaungan							45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene													47.8
									Mangaorapan							48.9
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Mangaorapan							50.5
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Waipawan							52
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Waipawan							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Teurian							56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1									60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1									61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian				Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian							Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan	93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic					Motuan	100.5
									Urutawan	103.3
								Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian							Korangan	113
		Aptian								117.5
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
		Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian				Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian				Wordian			264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian				Povolzhian	Roadian		266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian				Sokian	Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian	Leonardian		Cathedralian		273.01
										Filipovian					276.5 *
										Saraninian					280.1 *
										Saraninian			Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian				Sarginian					283.5
										Irginian					285.9 *
										Irginian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
										Burtsevian					287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian					290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian				Tastubian					291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian				Shikhanian			Nealian		293.52
										Uskalykian					294.8
					Surenian					297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian											315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian											323.2
		Visean											330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			504.5
																509