PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Carboniferous of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian Ages of Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean						Cenozoic 6				0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian						Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
			Hemingfordian										16.3
			Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4				23.03
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan						27.82
			Whitneyan										29.5
			Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan						Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian					Bumbanian					47.8
			Wasatchian										50.5
			Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian				Gashatan		Cenozoic 1				56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian				Gashatan						56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian	Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian							Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian							Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Cretaceous 4				100.5
		Aptian							Cretaceous 3				113
		Barremian							Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian							Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian							Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian							Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian							Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian							Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian								315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian					Carboniferous 3	330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian					Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Visean		Jiusian					Carboniferous 2	335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan					Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian							Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8	Devonian 1
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian					Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian					Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian					Paibian			494
		Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Cambrian 4	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					Drumian	Wangcunian †	Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		Cambrian 3	Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian		Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Nangaoian		Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian		Cambrian 2			521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian		Cambrian 1			529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian		Cambrian 1			530.7
													538.8