PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Permian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
			Hemingfordian										16.3
			Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
			Whitneyan										29.5
			Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian										47.8
			Wasatchian										50.5
			Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian	Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †	Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian		Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		Morrowan				318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		Chesterian				323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian		Chesterian				330.9
								Meramecian				335.8 *
								Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian		Osagean				346.7
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian		Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		504.5
													509