PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126163 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia			Ordovician of North America						Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																11.63
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3																33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3																37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1																56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Late Albian												100.5
							Middle Albian												106.2 *
							Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian												139.8
							Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
							Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras			Late Bajocian												168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian												168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian												168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Late Toarcian												174.7
				Planulata															179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi													179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
				Kanense															181.3 *
				Carlottense															182.3 *
				Carlottense			Early Toarcian												182.9 *
				Kunae			Early Toarcian												183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian												184.2
				Freboldi															185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras														186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras			196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian		251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian								Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3							Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1								Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5									Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5									Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3									Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2									Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1									Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2										393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1										407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Cincinnatian					Gamachian	443.8
		Katian											Gamachian	445.2
													Richmondian	446 *
													Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
													Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian					Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										Chatfieldian		453
													Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3													458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2													467.3
		Dapingian											Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian					Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tulean								477.7
				Stairsian	480.3 *
				Skullrockian	Demingian †	482 *
					Demingian †	Mansian †							483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †							Ketyan †/Yurakian				485.4
		Stage 10															487.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
					Aksaian												490.7 *
					Sakian												492.2 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Ayusokkanian												Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian													499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian													500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Amgan/Solvan				Stage 5 †									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan													509
					Toyonian	Lenian †												510 *
					Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Botomian		514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian		521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																			538.8