PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian									0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Yushean								Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean				Yushean									3.6
		Zanclean				Baodean									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian				Tunggurian									11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Tunggurian									11.63
		Langhian				Shanwangian									13.82
		Burdigalian				Shanwangian									15.98
		Burdigalian				Xiejiaan									16.9
		Aquitanian				Xiejiaan									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3												37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1												56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian											100.5
				Middle Albian											106.2 *
				Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
				Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
				Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian											174.7
				Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
				Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian		Sevatian											208.5
				Alaunian											213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
					Dobrotivian					458.5 *
					Oretanian					459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3											509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
															538.8