PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126606 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous Subepochs	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene					Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4	Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3	Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2	Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Senonian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Gallic					100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4									168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3									174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2									184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1									192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4									201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4									208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2									273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1									293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1		Kuzel							297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
					Stephanian			Stephanian C			300.3 *
								Stephanian B			300.9 *
								Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A			303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Middle Pennsylvanian		Cantabrian			307
					Westphalian			Westphalian D			307.4 *
								Westphalian C			309.8
								Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		Westphalian B			315.2
								Westphalian A			317 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian			318.8 *
								Marsdenian			320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
								Alportian			322 *
								Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Late Mississippian		Chokierian			323.2
								Arnsbergian			324 *
								Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Warnantian	Brigantian †		Middle Mississippian			330.9
					Livian	Asbian †					336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian					340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Ivorian			Early Mississippian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Hastarian	353.7 *			Early Mississippian
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
												538.8