PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Precambrian of Russia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of North America		Devonian Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian					Sheridanian				0.0117
				Chibanian								Sheridanian				0.129
												Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
							Ensenadan									0.3 *
				Calabrian												0.774
												Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
				Gelasian			Sanandresian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean								Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
				Zanclean			Chapadmalalan									3.6
							Montehermosan									3.7 *
							Montehermosan					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
							Huayquerian									4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
							Chasicoan									7.9 *
							Chasicoan					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
							Mayoan									9.9 *
							Laventan									10.9 *
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											11.63
												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
							Colloncuran									13.7 *
				Langhian			Colloncuran									13.82
				Langhian			Friasian									15.4 *
				Burdigalian			Friasian									15.98
							Santacrucian									16.2 *
							Santacrucian					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
							Colhuehuapian					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				17.4 *
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
				Aquitanian			Deseadan									20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											23.03
													Monroecreekian			23.1 *
													Geringian			24.7 *
				Rupelian												27.82
							Tinguirirican									28.9 *
																29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
							Divisaderan					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				35.9 *
																37
				Bartonian												37.71
				Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
							Mustersan									41.9 *
												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
				Ypresian												47.8
							Casamayoran									47.9 *
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Riochican							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
							Riochican							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
							Itaboraian									56.9 *
							Peligran									58.9 *
				Selandian												59.2
				Selandian										To3/To2/To1		60.9
				Danian												61.6
							Tiupampan									62.4 *
							Tiupampan							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8											66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7											72.1
Santonian				Cretaceous 6	83.6
Coniacian					86.3
Turonian					89.8
Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5	93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	Cretaceous 4	100.5
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3	113
			Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
			Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
			Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
			Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Jurassic 4	168.2
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian		Wordian			264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3	Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian		Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1				Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Devonian 2					Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Ungurian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	489.5
									Aksaian	490.7 *
									Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian						Sakian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †	497
			Guzhangian								499.5
			Drumian						Zhanaarykian		500.5
			Drumian						Tuesaian		503
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †			Tuesaian		504.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †					505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
									Toyonian		510 *
									Botomian		512.5 *
Stage 3			Cambrian 2	514					Botomian
Stage 3				Atdabanian					515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2		Tommotian					521
		Stage 2							525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian			1200							Yurmatian
		Ectasian			Burzyan			1375
																1400