PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Silurian of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Britain		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																	0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian												Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian												Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian												Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian												Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean																		3.6
		Zanclean												Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																	23.03
															Monroecreekian					23.1 *
															Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian													Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian																		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian																		37
		Bartonian																		37.71
		Bartonian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
														Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian														To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian														To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian														Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4					Late Albian												100.5
								Middle Albian												106.2 *
								Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian												139.8
								Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
								Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian			157.9 *				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4				Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Ontarian				433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
											Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
											Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
											Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								Keila				Idavere †	453
											Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
											Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
											Kukruse						456.4 *
													Aurelucian				456.8 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
											Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn							Uhaku	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Aseri					460.4 *
						Aseri					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn	461.3 *
						Oeland				Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2												467.3
				Arenig							Fennian				468.4 *
										Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
											Whitlandian				471.1 *
										Hunneberg	Whitlandian				473.7 *
											Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc							Migneintian				477.7
											Cressagian				480.8 *
										Varangu					481.3 *
										Pakerort					482.2 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5												485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4												Series 3 †		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4														500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3														Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3															509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2															514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1															529
																				538.8