PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of the Baltic	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of the Pamirs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian											66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan											72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan				145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan				149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan				150
										Heterian				154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan				164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan				176
		Pliensbachian								Ururoan				184.2
		Pliensbachian								Aratauran				188.9
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian								Warepan				208.5
										Otamitan				217
										Oretian				221
		Carnian								Oretian				227
		Carnian							Gore	Kaihikuan				227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Kaihikuan				237
		Ladinian								Etalian				238
		Anisian								Etalian				242
		Anisian								Malakovian				246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Malakovian				247.2
		Olenekian								Nelsonian				249
		Induan								Nelsonian				251.2
		Induan							DUrville	Makarewan				251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian		Makarewan				251.902
		Changhsingian						Dorashamian		Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Dzhulfian		Waiitian			Longtanian †	254.14
										Puruhauan				254.2
						Tatarian	Vyatkian			Puruhauan				256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian	Midian		Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian				Flettian		264.28
								Barettian		266
					Murgabian					266.2 *
		Roadian		Kazanian		Povolzhian				266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian		Sokian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian				273.01
					Irenian/Ufimian			Mangapirian		276
					Filipovian					276.5 *
					Filipovian	Bolorian				279.8
					Saraninian					280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian					283.5
					Sarginian			Telfordian		285
					Irginian					285.9 *
					Irginian	Yakhtashian				286
					Burtsevian					287.8 *
					Burtsevian					288.5
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian				290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian	Sakmarian				291.7 *
		Asselian	Bursumian †	Asselian	Shikhanian	Asselian				293.52
					Uskalykian					294.8
					Surenian					297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian							298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian							303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian							305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian							307
		Moscovian	Atokan							312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan							315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan							318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian							323.2
		Visean	Chesterian							330.9
			Meramecian							335.8 *
			Osagean							343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean							346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian							351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli									Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian								Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian								Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Bolindian	443.8
		Katian									Bolindian	445.2
											Eastonian	449 *
											Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian									Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian									Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian							Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian		470
									Bendigonian		471.8 *
									Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian							Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian							Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	504.5
														509