PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene						0.0117
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene						0.129
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene						0.774
				Gelasian						Early Pleistocene						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene					Tertiary †	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene						3.6
			Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian						Late Miocene						7.246
				Serravallian						Middle Miocene						11.63
				Langhian						Middle Miocene						13.82
				Burdigalian						Early Miocene						15.98
				Aquitanian						Early Miocene						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene						23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene						27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene						33.9
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene						37.71
				Lutetian						Middle Eocene						41.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene						47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene						56
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene						59.2
				Danian						Early Paleocene						61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian											66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan											72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan			145
				Kimmeridgian								Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan			150
													Heterian			154.5
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Callovian									Temaikan			164.3
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Toarcian								Herangi	Ururoan			176
				Pliensbachian									Ururoan			184.2
				Pliensbachian									Aratauran			188.9
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
				Norian									Warepan			208.5
													Otamitan			217
													Oretian			221
				Carnian									Oretian			227
				Carnian								Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Kaihikuan			237
				Ladinian									Etalian			238
				Anisian									Etalian			242
				Anisian									Malakovian			246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian									Malakovian			247.2
				Olenekian									Nelsonian			249
				Induan									Nelsonian			251.2
				Induan								DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Dorashamian		Makarewan			251.902
Waiitian				Changhsingian		253.2					Dorashamian
Waiitian				Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
Puruhauan				Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Midian		Aparima	Flettian		259.51
			Wordian				Flettian		264.28
							Barettian		266
				Murgabian					266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian					266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Kubergandian					273.01
				Kubergandian			Mangapirian		276
				Bolorian					279.8
			Artinskian						283.5
							Telfordian		285
				Yakhtashian			Telfordian		286
				Yakhtashian					288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian	Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian				443.8
			Katian		Bolindian				445.2
					Eastonian				449 *
					Gisbornian				452 *
			Sandbian		Gisbornian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				458.4
			Dapingian		Yapeenian				467.3
			Dapingian		Castlemainian				468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian				470
					Bendigonian				471.8 *
					Lancefieldian				473.5 *
			Tremadocian		Lancefieldian				477.7
					Warendian				482.8 *
					Warendian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian				Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian		485.4
			Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian							489.5
					Aksaian							490.7 *
					Sakian							492.2 *
			Paibian									494
			Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian							Series 3 †	497
			Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian								499.5
			Drumian		Mayan/Menevian								500.5
			Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan			Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan							509
					Toyonian				Lenian †			510 *
					Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian							514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian							521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan	1375
																1400