PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene							Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan			150
										Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites										168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum									168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense									174.7
				Thouarsense					Herangi	Ururoan			176
													180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum										182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni										184.2
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni							Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi										192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian								Warepan			208.5
										Otamitan			217
										Oretian			221
		Carnian								Oretian			227
		Carnian							Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Kaihikuan			237
		Ladinian								Etalian			238
		Anisian								Etalian			242
		Anisian								Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Malakovian			247.2
		Olenekian								Nelsonian			249
		Induan				251.2				Nelsonian
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian								264.28
								Noginskian		264.9 *
							Barettian			266
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
							Mangapirian			276
								Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian								283.5
							Telfordian			285
							Telfordian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
		Asselian								Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian					Kuzel	298.9
										Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian				303.7
								Khamovnikian				304.8
								Khamovnikian			Cantabrian	305 *
								Krevyakinian				305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian			Middle Pennsylvanian				307
					Myachkovian					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Podolskian						Westphalian D	308.9 *
					Podolskian						Westphalian C	309.8
					Kashirian							311.4 *
					Vereian							313.8
					Vereian						Westphalian B	314.6
					Melekessian							314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian			Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
					Cheremshanian							316.9 *
					Cheremshanian						Westphalian A	317 *
					Prikamian						Westphalian A	318.6 *
					Prikamian					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Severokeltmian						Yeadonian	319.9 *
					Severokeltmian						Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian						Marsdenian	321.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *						Kinderscoutian
					Alportian						322 *
					Chokierian						323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	Chokierian			Late Mississippian			323.2
				Zapaltjubian	Arnsbergian						324 *
				Protvian							324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Steshevian	Pendleian	327.4 *
			Tarusian	Pendleian	329 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	Venevian			Middle Mississippian		330.9
					Mikhailovian					331.9 *
					Aleksinian					333.7 *
					Tulian					335.8 *
			Livian	Asbian †	Tulian					336.3 *
			Livian	Asbian †	Bobrikian					339.9 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	Bobrikian					340.2 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	Radaevkian					343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		Kosvian			Early Mississippian		346.7
					Kizelian					350.7 *
					Cherepetian					351.9 *
			Hastarian		Cherepetian					353.7 *
					Karakubian					354.4 *
					Upinian					356.3 *
					Malevkian					357.6 *
					Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †		504.5
													509