PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126163 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5									11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Cenozoic 4									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3									33.9
		Bartonian			Cenozoic 3									37.71
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2									41.2
		Ypresian			Cenozoic 2									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1									56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Cretaceous 4									100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3									113
		Aptian	Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3									119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5									149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian							Kawhia	Ohauan			150
			Early Kimmeridgian								Ohauan			152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian								Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
			Late Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan			176
			Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
			Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2									184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2						Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1									192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4					Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	Oretian	227
			Tuvalian			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2			237
			Longobardian				Etalian	238
			Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
			Aegean				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1			247.2
			Smithian					248.9 *
			Smithian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Griesbachian					251.4 *
			Griesbachian			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		Makarewan	Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian								264.28
								Noginskian		264.9 *
							Barettian			266
		Roadian			Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2					273.01
							Mangapirian			276
								Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian								283.5
							Telfordian			285
							Telfordian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1					293.52
		Asselian			Permian 1					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5					Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
										Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian					303.7
								Khamovnikian					304.8
								Khamovnikian				Cantabrian	305 *
								Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			307
					Myachkovian					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Podolskian						Westphalian D	308.9 *
					Podolskian						Westphalian C	309.8
					Kashirian							311.4 *
					Vereian							313.8
					Vereian						Westphalian B	314.6
					Melekessian							314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian			Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
					Cheremshanian							316.9 *
					Cheremshanian						Westphalian A	317 *
					Prikamian						Westphalian A	318.6 *
					Prikamian					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Severokeltmian						Yeadonian	319.9 *
					Severokeltmian						Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian						Marsdenian	321.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Voznesenian						Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
											Alportian	322 *
											Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian			Late Mississippian			Chokierian	323.2
					Zapaltjubian						Arnsbergian	324 *
					Protvian							324.4 *
					Steshevian							326.8 *
					Steshevian						Pendleian	327.4 *
					Tarusian						Pendleian	329 *
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	Warnantian			Brigantian †		Venevian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
										Mikhailovian		331.9 *
										Aleksinian		333.7 *
										Tulian		335.8 *
					Livian			Asbian †		Tulian		336.3 *
					Livian			Asbian †		Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		Bobrikian		340.2 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Ivorian					Kosvian	Early Mississippian	346.7
										Kizelian		350.7 *
										Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Hastarian		353.7 *					Cherepetian
					Karakubian					354.4 *
					Upinian					356.3 *
					Malevkian					357.6 *
					Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Stage 5 †				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
														538.8