PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian									Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian									Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean									Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian										Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	Pannonian			9.4
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5						Clarendonian	Sarmatian			11.63
											Barstovian	Sarmatian			12.5
												Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
											Hemingfordian				16.3
											Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
											Whitneyan				29.5
											Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3						Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian									Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2						Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian									Bridgerian				47.8
											Wasatchian				50.5
											Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian									Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian									Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Cretaceous 4										100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3										113
		Aptian	Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3										119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6										145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5										149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4					453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
					Dobrotivian			458.5 *
					Oretanian			459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	Late Cambrian							485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1									529
															538.8