PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene				Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Cenozoic 4		Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian					Cenozoic 3		Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2		Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian					Cenozoic 2		Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8	Senonian						66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian				Cretaceous 4	Gallic						100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian				Cretaceous 3							113
		Aptian	Early Aptian				Cretaceous 3							119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2	Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6				Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5							149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan		150
			Early Kimmeridgian									Ohauan		152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian									Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
			Late Toarcian								Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
			Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2							184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2					Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4				Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Oretian	Triassic 3	227
			Tuvalian		Gore		Kaihikuan			227.5
			Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			Triassic 2				237
			Longobardian				Etalian			238
			Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
			Aegean				Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Triassic 1				247.2
			Smithian							248.9 *
			Smithian				Nelsonian			249
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
			Griesbachian							251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville		Makarewan			251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	Makarewan			Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian			Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian		Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian							Flettian		264.28
									Barettian		266
					Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	Kubergandian					273.01
						Kubergandian			Mangapirian		276
						Bolorian					279.8
		Artinskian									283.5
									Telfordian		285
						Yakhtashian			Telfordian		286
						Yakhtashian					288.5
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	Asselian					293.52
		Asselian			Permian 1	Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5			298.9			Kuzel
								Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian									Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4						Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
				Westphalian C							309.8
				Westphalian B							314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B							315.2
				Westphalian A							317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian			318.8 *
								Marsdenian			320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
								Alportian			322 *
								Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3			Chokierian			323.2
								Arnsbergian			324 *
								Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †			Carboniferous 2			330.9
				Livian	Asbian †						336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian						340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian				Carboniferous 1			346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian				Carboniferous 1			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian						Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ordovician 5			Bolindian	443.8
		Katian									Bolindian	445.2
											Eastonian	449 *
											Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian						Ordovician 4			Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Darriwilian			458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Yapeenian			467.3
		Dapingian						Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian			470
								Bendigonian		471.8 *
								Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
														538.8